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Weekend reading: The returns from the world’s greatest active investors post image

Good reads from around the Web.

I am not one of those who believes active investing will always gobble up the majority of our savings, like some baleen whale mainlining krill with a cheeky glint in its eye.

The trend is your friend, as most good active investors know, and the trend is towards passive investing:

  • The simplicity of pairing a global equity tracker fund with a bond tracker is impossible to beat. For many people that might be all the portfolio they need.

True, there are some counters.

For example, much of the growth of passive funds under management to-date has been into ETFs, and much of that money is traded actively. So the growth in passive may be somewhat exaggerated.

I’m also regularly reminded by Radio 4’s Moneybox – which I almost always listen to after filing my Weekend Reading articles – that sadly there’s no shortage of suckers out there. Every week seems to bring another person who gave their life savings to a man on a phone, or who thought a 15% return per year with no risk sounded reasonable, or who bought big into the Kazakhstan vodka boom 1.

Hedge funds, too, make me wonder. Despite the side-splittingly hilariously dreadful performance of hedge funds as an asset class, they still have $3 trillion in funds under management.

If the rich will throw their money away like that, why shouldn’t the rest of us?

Then again, have you seen the bathrooms, cars, and the plastic surgery favoured by many of the world’s truly loaded?

‘Discerning buyer’ isn’t the first phrase that springs to mind.

The world’s greatest active investors

Whether active investing will eventually be shunted to the sidelines by passive investing in the years ahead is still too early to call.

But one thing I am sure of is that even if only a minority of money is put into active funds in the future, there will always be some people – like me – who try to beat the market for ourselves.

Regular readers will know of this tension at the heart of this blog. I’m surely in the top 0.01% of being informed about the case for passive investing. (Does that sound arrogant? Editing a blog that champions exactly that, week in, week out, for a decade, could get you there, too!)

But despite this excess of knowledge, I myself invest actively. Much to the amusement of the fully passive and superior role model, The Accumulator.

The following table – tweeted out by fellow seeker after glory Richard Beddard – reminds me why:

Table of returns of the greatest fund managers of all-time.

Returns of (apparently) the greatest fund managers of all-time, to 2014.

This data comes courtesy of Excess Returns, a 2014 book by Frederik Vanhaverbeke. I haven’t read it but I might soon.

Now, I can already imagine some readers readying their rebuttals: Survivorship bias! One in a million monkeys would toss heads one hundred times! Some of those records were built in older, more inefficient markets! This or that structural benefit is available to them and not to us! You don’t need to beat the market to retire happy!

And of course I agree. I’ve written a blog about this stuff, remember.

I’m just being honest. I’m still fascinated by the intersection of markets and businesses. I like pitting my wits against the world’s millions.

And this table shows what’s possible – however unlikely.

If you can’t join ’em, beat ’em

When I was 16-years old I bet my father I could run a four minute mile. I never did, not least because I was in hospital two years later. But I was getting there.

I was sprinting 100m close to 11 seconds, too, which was pretty fast for my frame.

Well, those days are gone. I try to keep physically fit – on a budget, of course – but the flaming torch of failing to be one of the world’s genetically gifted freaks long ago passed to another generation.

But Warren Buffet, on the other hand, he’s 86-years old.

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  1. No, there’s been no such boom. But if there had been then someone from Tunbridge Wells would have tried to get in early – late – and invested the kids’ inheritance.[]
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Seven psychological quirks that destroy investment returns

Illustration of a brain made of gears.

This is a guest post from Tim Richards, whose Psy-Fi blog is all about psychology and finance. It was first published here in the depths of the bear market in 2009. I thought it’d be fun to showcase it again on the eighth anniversary of those lows, with markets now giddy at all-time highs! People don’t change…

Making money from stocks is easy enough if we can defeat the main enemy – ourselves. There’s no getting around the fact that us humans are subject to lots of biases and psychological quirks that combine to destroy our investing returns.

The first line of defence against this is to recognise the problem.

Here are seven psychological quirks to look out for.

1. Overconfidence and optimism

Most of us are way too confident about our ability to foresee the future, and overwhelmingly too optimistic in our forecasts.

This finding holds across all disciplines, for both professionals and non-professionals, with the exceptions of weather forecasters and horse handicappers.

Lesson: Learn not to trust your gut.

2. Hindsight

We consistently exaggerate our prior beliefs about events.

Market forecasters spend a lot of time telling us why the market behaved the way it did. They’re great at telling us we need an umbrella after it starts raining as well, but it doesn’t improve our returns. We’re all useless at remembering what we used to believe.

Lesson: Keep a diary, revisit your thinking constantly.

3. Loss aversion

We hurt more when we sell at a loss than we feel happy when we sell for the same profit. But stocks don’t have memories – decisions on whether to buy or sell should always be independent of your buying price.

Lesson: Ignore buying prices when deciding whether to sell.

4. Regret

Investment decisions should overwhelmingly be about risk, and risk implies a judgement, which may turn out to be wrong, often through bad luck rather than bad thinking.

Becoming overly focused on past decisions that have gone wrong without analysing whether the decision made was rational under the circumstances isn’t rational. Investing involves making mistakes and is often down to luck.

Lesson: Learn to live with mistakes.

5. Anchoring

Ten years or more of research has shown we have a nasty tendency to ‘anchor’ on specific numbers. Psychologists can change the results of simple estimation questions (for example, how old do you think Woody Allen is?) simply by posing an earlier unrelated question containing a number.

Lesson: Don’t get fixated on specific numbers, such as buy prices, stop loss prices, or index values.

6. Recency Bias

We pay more attention to short-term events than the longer-term. So the effect of a short-term downturn in a company’s fortunes may be exaggerated, or we may simply assume that current market conditions will persist forever.

Lesson: Buy some history books, and look beyond the short term.

7. Confirmation Bias

We just love other people to confirm our decisions. And other people just love us confirming their opinions. In fact we could just get together and have a regular love-in but it doesn’t make for good investing. The only money you lose is your own.

Lesson: Make your own decisions; don’t worry about what others think.

Special bonus quirk!

As a bonus investment quirk, my all-time favourite is Myopic Loss Aversion. This is where investors can’t stand the sight of red ink in their portfolio – they avoid short-term losses at the expense of long term gains.

Such people should be physically restrained from buying shares. Let them play checkers with five-year olds or something they can always win at.

Conclusion

Many people who invest heavily in shares tend to heavily exaggerate their own abilities and downplay the role of luck in stockmarket investment. Sadly there is a lot of random stuff in the market which we can’t control.

The easiest way of managing these psychological ticks is to invest regularly and for the long-term in index trackers and avoid selling no matter what the circumstances.

Failing that – go take a course in weather forecasting. At least you’ll be more help than most market forecasters who can only tell you that you need an umbrella after it starts raining.

P.S. Woody Allen is 81. Most of you will have thought lower, unless you really knew the answer.

Tim Richards has written a book – The Zeitgeist Investor – which is all about what happens when our brains and the stock market collide.

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Weekend reading: Bashing the budget

Weekend reading: Bashing the budget post image

Good reads from around the Web.

Chancellor Philip Hammond says Wednesday’s controversial Spring Budget will be the last (and not just for him). The Spring Budget is set to become the Autumn Budget, while the Autumn Statement will be reborn as a Spring Statement. Oh, and the Spring Statement won’t really be a Stealthy Second Budget, supposedly. Meanwhile for now we all get Summer Off.

According to the BBC, this kerfuffle is aimed at giving us more time to prepare for tax changes and the like ahead the new tax year, which begins in April.

Well, maybe. Because does that seem to have been any motivation for governments in the past decade?

On the contrary I suspect Hammond may be secretly planning to launch a 24/7/365 Budget. One long unending rollercoaster of financial meddling, streamed on Facebook and pithily summarized via hourly Tweets.

So relentless have been the changes to pensions, taxes, and whatnot in recent years, it must be a drag for them to have to sit around waiting for another Budget to come along before they can have a fiddle again.

Instead, why not just get the latest wheezes out the door pronto?

We’ve had Just in Time manufacturing for years. Let’s have Just in Time policy! It can’t take long to get the back of a fag packet typed up.

(Lifetime ISAs, I’m looking at you…)

Dividends for dummies

Seriously, I have had colds that have hung around for longer than the shiny new Dividend Allowance was left unmolested.

I’d only recently updated Monevator to explain the ‘new’ dividend taxation regime, and now the Allowance has been slashed to £2,000. Annoying enough for me – imagine the hassle writ large across the financial services industry.

I mean, if the £5,000 Dividend Allowance is really so grossly ‘unfair’ then why wasn’t it unfair less than a year ago when this government introduced it? If we’re going to tax investments outside of tax shelters harder, then let’s get it all changed at once so we know where we stand, rather than hiking dividend tax rates, then introducing a new clunky complication to the system with the Dividend Allowance, and then immediately begin chipping away at it. Its policy by Frankenstein.

Ditto the NIC hikes the chancellor has slapped on the self-employed.

Hammond said he’s asked Matthew Taylor, chief executive of the RSA, “to consider the wider implications of different employment practices.”

That review is due to report in summer, but heck, why wait for Taylor’s considered conclusions? Let’s just get some NIC hikes rolled in now, ahead of the review, and keep everyone on their toes! They will likely be rolled back by a Tory backlash anyway, before being rolled back in again as a result of Taylor with the Autumn Budget.

And they wonder why people find this stuff so vexing?

More on the omNICshambles Budget:

  • At-a-glance summary of all the Budget details – BBC
  • Dividend Allowance to be cut to £2,000 – Money Observer
  • This equals a 68% tax ‘pseudo dividend allowance’ cut in two years – Telegraph
  • Why on earth raid the self-employed and small business? – ThisIsMoney
  • “ISAs to come back into favour, say experts”. [Sigh. ALWAYS fill ISAs]Guardian
  • Tax on dividends is a raid on two million small investors – Guardian
  • A novel take: “Dividend crackdown a tax on widows”Telegraph
  • The capital gains tax take has trebled under the Tories – Telegraph
  • Theresa May’s honeymoon is officially over after the tax hikes – Telegraph

Sorry I’m a bit late with the links this week. Reasons!

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How to find small cap dividend shares

Photo of Todd Wenning

When The Investor asked me to continue my series on dividend investing, I decided it was time to step out from behind my moniker. The name’s Todd Wenning, aka The Analyst, nice to meet you. Please see the bottom of this post for full details. As a regular Monevator reader who enjoys the community here, it’s a pleasure to be back with you talking dividends!

Today I’d like to explore dividend-paying smaller companies, also known as small cap shares.

Look through most dividend-focused portfolios, and you’ll find them heavily weighted toward blue-chip stocks. There’s nothing wrong with that, and FTSE 100 companies can serve as a solid anchor in a dividend portfolio.

That said, large companies tend to be the most covered companies by the City, and there are thus limited opportunities to outfox other investors.

Small cap dividend shares, on the other hand, often fly under the City’s and other investors’ dividend screens. I believe this makes them attractive candidates for those of us doing our own fundamental research.

Further, even if large investors wanted to invest in small caps, they frequently run into the problem of not being able to buy enough of the business to make a difference in their portfolios.

As individual investors, we can take more significant stakes in small companies.

Not for everyone

Naturally, small caps aren’t without their risks.

Relative to large caps, small caps tend to be less diversified, have a harder time accessing capital in recessions, and their executives may jump ship when offered a bigger paycheck at a larger company.

Not to mention their share prices are usually much more volatile. Daily moves of 5% or more in either direction are not uncommon.

As such, wading into the small cap pool requires patience, a business focus, and a stoic mentality.

So when evaluating small-cap dividend-paying stocks, I get interested when I see one or more of the following attributes.

1. Low debt or preferably no debt

A few years ago I was speaking with the tenured CFO of a small cap firm in the U.S. His company had a net cash balance sheet (i.e. they had more cash than debt) and I asked him if he was under pressure to increase the company’s borrowings.

He replied that whilst investors were urging him to borrow now (in a good market), those voices were silenced during the financial crisis a few years earlier.

Debt’s siren song can be enticing for small enterprises wanting to get big quickly. Too often they forget that leverage cuts both ways. If the economy, industry, or company faces a downturn, that extra leverage only exacerbates the problem and puts the company at risk.

As Warren Buffett put it in his 1987 letter to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders: “Really good businesses usually don’t need to borrow.”

All else equal, it’s a positive sign when a company can grow using internally generated cash.

2. An invested leadership team

If I’m going to invest in a smaller company, I want to see that my interests and management’s are aligned to the greatest extent possible.

One way to check this is to evaluate management’s incentives.

When reading the remuneration report, ask yourself, “Upon which metrics are management’s bonuses based?” and “Will those metrics encourage the right behaviour?”

I also like to see that management and the board together own at least 5% of the outstanding shares. By having skin in the game, they are less likely to take undue risks or pursue growth-at-any-cost acquisitions that might jeopardize the dividend.

3. Steady free cash flow generation

Since dividends are paid from free cash flow (i.e. the money left over after the company reinvested in the business), it’s a positive sign when the company has displayed an ability to generate free cash in various markets.

A pure commodity company, for instance, may have bumper free cash flow during booms, only to burn through cash in the troughs

Volatile cash flows are a less-than-ideal scenario for dividend investors. Instead, focus your attention on firms that can deliver cash flow in both good and bad markets.

Steady free cash flow generation across the business cycle can also serve to build the board’s confidence in the business’s long-term prospects, leading to dividend increases every year.

4. Dominant in a profitable – ideally boring – market niche

What’s the firm’s Total Addressable Market (TAM)?

If the company is growing rapidly in a large TAM (say, social media) it will surely attract competition from larger firms with robust resources.

On the other hand, a large company will likely either acquire a small company that’s dominating an attractive-but-limited TAM, or else leave it alone.

If the small company operates in a decidedly dull industry – think industrial parts, safety equipment, waste management – then that’s even better. These industries are less likely to attract new participants. This helps the small company maintain profit margins and free cash flow production to support the dividend.

5. A payout ratio below 50%

Companies, large or small, that pay out much more than 50% of their free cash flow are likely in mature or declining industries. These types of companies can boast high yields make for good investments at the right price, but if dividend growth is important to you, focus instead on companies with ample cash flow after dividends.

If you trust the management team and there are good reinvestment opportunities, management can plow the extra cash back into the business to accelerate growth.

Conclusion

Given the relative lack of City coverage, investing in small-cap dividend-paying shares takes some extra research on your part. Yet because they aren’t often included in popular dividend-themed ETFs or mutual funds, I believe the return on your research time can be higher than if you focused solely on blue chips.

Todd Wenning, CFA is an equity analyst based in the United States. Opinions shared here are his own and not those of his employer. A full disclaimer can be found here. For compliance purposes, Todd cannot reply to comments below, though he welcomes any correspondence sent by email. You can read Todd’s expanding collection of dividend articles here on Monevator or check out his book, Keeping Your Dividend Edge.

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