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Weekend reading

Good reads from around the Web.

There’s little doubt that most potential investments look expensive at the moment, with the possible exception of marked-down Brazilian football shirts…

Take UK government bonds. As recently as 2008, you could taper down your risk exposure by buying gilts and locking-in a 5% return.

At the same time, interest rates on cash for the savviest private investors were over 6%.

Today you won’t get even 3% on gilts. As for interest on cash, it has dwindled to approximately the same level as interest in signing the Brazilian strikers Fred, Hulk, and Oscar.

i.e. Near-zero.

This low return from safer assets mirrors the wider picture, where ultra-easy policy from Central Banks has pulled down yields across the asset classes, and hence bid up prices everywhere.

The New York Times has a catchy name for it, or rather two: Is it the Everything Boom, it asks, or the Everything Bubble?

Either way it’s not a place for stingy buyers to go shopping:

“We’re in a world where there are very few unambiguously cheap assets,” said Russ Koesterich, chief investment strategist at BlackRock, one of the world’s biggest asset managers, who spends his days scouring the earth for potential opportunities for investors to get a better return relative to the risks they are taking on.

“If you ask me to give you the one big bargain out there, I’m not sure there is one.”

I think the article is a bit selective with its definition of “everywhere you look” (Manhattan real estate and US bonds have been surging for years, and the Indonesian stock market is one of the few major emerging markets that looks truly frothy) but I agree with the gist.

There really isn’t much that’s obviously cheap about. Emerging markets looked better value for a while, but I have to boast say my pointing to this in December last year proved to be decent timing, given how they’ve caught a bid in 2014.

Even the gold miners I flagged up last July are ahead, with the likes of Randgold Resources some 25% higher.

Today it’s not easy to find comparable bargains. I could point to a few things that might be cheap, but they hardly seem like slamdunk opportunities.

For instance UK housebuilders have fallen hard on fears the property market has overheated – but investors could easily be proven right to have marked them down, depending on how interest rates move from here.

Anyway, buying too many shares in say Barratt Developments is hardly the stuff of prudent asset allocation.

What if they’re right?

Still, what seems like an expensive time to buy assets might yet turn out okay.

For one thing, not all markets are as expensive as the US, which tends to dominate the media. The UK market looks fine to me, and emerging markets as a whole are not yet dear in my view.

More important than my guesswork however is that stock markets are not completely stupid. It may well be that investors are right to be paying up to buy assets, even if they look a bit pricey.

One of the easiest traps to fall into as a new stock picker is to think that a share on a P/E rating 1 of 6 is certainly a better buy than one on a P/E ratio of 18. Often it will be, but if the company on the higher rating grows earnings at 20% and the cheap stock sees profits fall, you will probably have done better to buy the more expensive looking option.

Similarly, it’s possible the global economy is finally going to shake off the long global slowdown and burst into strength for a few years. If it does, then today’s expensive valuations will be moderated by fast-growing earnings, and could turn out to have been a good investment after all.

Time will tell on that.

In the meantime, if you really must snag a bargain, maybe you could look at US golf courses! It’s a buyer’s market, apparently.

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  1. The price to earnings ratio, often used as a measure of expensiveness.[]
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How to compare index trackers

Ha, ha. So you want to compare a few funds? Prepare for pain my friend, prepare for pain. You’d think there’d be some great app out there that would enable you to match up the key data in the blink of a pixel. But no…

While the flash boys play Tron bikes in cyber space, you and I limp along the information B-roads on our tuk-tuks. Even the best tool – Morningstar’s Fund Compare – is as clunky as a 1980s mobile phone, and only enables you to compare Open Ended Investment Companies (OEICs) and Unit Trusts.

To compare Exchanged Traded Funds (ETFs) as well as funds, try Funds Library’s Data Comparison 1 and fold in extra data from Morningstar.

I’ll explain how to do so as we go.

Looking inside an index tracker

Comparison able

Once you’ve condensed the universe of possible funds into a solar system of probables, feed your choices into Fund Compare or Data Comparison and face-off the following:

Expenses as measured by Total Expense Ratio (TER) or Ongoing Charge Figures (OCF)Lower is better.

Number of holdings – Higher is better. More securities equals more diversity and less chance that you’re taking unrewarded risk.

Average market cap – If you want exposure to small caps then obviously a fund that holds smaller sized companies is better.

Search for your tracker on Morningstar. Click through to its profile and you’ll find average market cap on its Portfolio page.

Fundamentals – To increase exposure to the value factor, compare your trackers on the key ratios:

    • Price/earnings
    • Price/book
    • Price/sales
    • Price/cash flow

As a rule of thumb, the lower the number, the greater the trackers’ exposure to value.

Each fundamental measure amounts to a different method of identifying value. Investments will vary in their exposure to each fundamental and this accounts for short-term performance differences. But those transient advantages have levelled out over time, so don’t sweat it.

If the fundamentals don’t reveal a clear winner then plump for price/book as your tie-breaker, because it’s the most widely used factor.

To find fundamental data: search for the tracker on Morningstar. Click through to its profile and you’ll find the fundamentals listed on the Portfolio page.

Turnover – Lower is usually better. A low-trading fund racks up fewer dealing expenses.

You can compare turnovers using the Funds Library Data Comparison tool.

Bid-offer spread – Another cost of trading that affects Unit Trust funds and ETFs. Sometimes the spread can be so large that you may be better off with a higher OCF product.

A tracker’s buy/sell prices will be available on its website. Calculating the bid-offer spread is straightforward.

Tracking error – Lower is better as it means the fund’s costs are consuming less of the market’s return.

It’s tricky to make accurate tracking error comparisons across products, but we’ve previously explored two ways to measure tracking error, using Hargreaves Lansdown’s and Bloomberg’s charting tools.

Performance – Sure, higher is better but asset classes rise and fall like empires. Today’s sick man could well be tomorrow’s dominant power.

Look for the annualised return in the Total Returns section of a product’s Morningstar profile and pay no heed to less than five years worth of data.

Sharpe ratio – Higher is better. The Sharpe ratio is a risk-adjusted measure of investing performance. It enables you to compare whether the risk taken is worth the return. A ratio of 1 is good, 2 is very good and 3 is excellent.

The factsheets of life

It’s rare that one tracker trounces another in any comparison. These are the ultimate me-too products, after all.

I normally err on the balance of advantages, but if you only want to bother with one data point then pick the OCF every time.

Index tracking has become an increasingly competitive space, with little opportunity for product providers to open up yawning advantages.

So while it’s sensible to understand the important features of trackers and how to read a factsheet, picking the ultimate product is nowhere near as important as sticking to a passive investing strategy and choosing the right asset allocation.

Take it steady,

The Accumulator

  1. You’ll need to register, but it’s free.[]
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Weekend reading

Good reads from around the Web.

Most of us know passive investing in index funds is the best way forward for the vast majority (even if some of us continue to pick stocks for kicks, or just out of sheer pigheadedness…)

Passive investing is the least effort and the lowest cost way to invest, and yet it’s also the most likely to deliver nearest to the market’s long-term returns.

However there’s a snag, which is that there are not hundreds of inspiring passive investing books out there filled with witty one-liners.

Active investors can turn to Warren Buffett quipping about being like an over-sexed guy in a harem in a bear market, or Peter Lunch warning that you should invest in companies that any idiot can run, because “sooner or later, any idiot will run it”.

Passive investors? They have Vanguard literature boasting of a 0.01% cut in annual charges.

Oh, and Smarter Investing by Tim Hale, which I’ve almost come to blows over with my co-blogger.

While I agree his Best Book Ever is the number one route map for UK passive investors, I’ve never managed to read more than three pages without dozing off.

Get a quote

I’m biased, but I’ll add that my co-blogger, The Accumulator, is slowly amassing a nice collection of witticism about index investing. Perhaps one day they’ll be collated by a fan overburdened with time for future generations to enjoy.

Until then we can turn to the American Enterprise Institute. It sounds like a spoof corporation from a 1970s dystopian movie, but the Institute gets a thumbs-up for bringing this quote to my attention:

“Building a portfolio around index funds isn’t really settling for the average. It’s just refusing to believe in magic.” – Bethany McLean of Fortune

I also liked this one:

“I own last year’s top performing funds. Unfortunately, I bought them this year.”– Anonymous

There’s even one from the aforementioned stockpicking legend, Peter Lynch:

Thereʹs something to be said for the dart‐board method of investing: buy the whole dart board.” – Peter Lynch, Fidelity Magellan

However the list is not comprehensive, and it does boast a few bore-fests. For example they missed a trick by not including this quote from the master:

“By periodically investing in an index fund, the know-nothing investors can actually outperform most investment professionals.” – Warren Buffett

Perhaps we should do our own roundup of insights about index funds someday, with a focus on the snappy. Having such quotes to hand is not just for fun – distilled wisdom can be a useful touchstone in a tight spot.

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The Slow and Steady passive portfolio update: Q2 2014

The portfolio is up 3.06% on the year (to date).

The last few months have been as gentle as a lullaby for investors, with pretty much every asset class gently floating up.

Even emerging markets are back in favour, swelling by 6% last quarter – a gain that’s underlined by the lagging indicator of numerous media sites now banging on about BRICs.

Even so, the emerging markets remain uniquely in the red out of all the asset classes we’ve invested in since we started the portfolio some three years ago.

Overall our model portfolio has endured very little hardship over that time, aside from trailing the FTSE All-Share by some 2% a year. Every market we’ve owned bar the US and Europe has underperformed the UK equity market.

Diversification has seemingly cost us over this short period. But the point of an asset allocation strategy is that you stick with it through the years – and even the decades. We believe it will prove its worth when the weather changes.

The Slow and Steady portfolio is Monevator’s model passive investing portfolio. It was set up at the start of 2011 with £3,000 and an extra £850 is invested every quarter into a diversified set of index funds, heavily tilted towards equities. You can read the origin story and catch up on all the previous passive portfolio posts.

Our little growth engine has made another £400 since our last portfolio update.

That means we’re up over 18% on purchase and have averaged a 8.28% annualised return.

Here’s the portfolio lowdown in spreadsheet-o-vision:

We're up again

This snapshot is a correction of the original piece. (Click to make bigger).

Dividends

Interest and dividends brought in £77 last quarter, as we accepted the tribute of entrepreneurs and the Government for the gracious favour of our capital.

We reinvest this income straight back into our portfolio via accumulation funds that automatically put that money back to work.

Here’s how the income totted up this time:

US equity tracker: £26.56
European equity tracker: £6.34
Japan equity tracker: £5.51 (It all counts!)
Pacific equity tracker: £9.98
Emerging markets equity tracker: £9.21
UK Government bond index: £19.64

Total dividends: £77.24

Leave it alone

A switched-on passive investor is rightly paranoid about cost – this being one of the few factors she can directly control that makes a material difference to the bottom line.

So I’ve been wondering whether the Slow & Steady portfolio should switch to the incredibly cheap family of index funds available from Fidelity after that firm’s most recent bout of price smashing.

Fidelity’s Ongoing Charge Figures (OCF) are now among the best in every category, and you get an extra discount when you hold them on the Fidelity platform:

Fund name OCF OCF at Fidelity
Fidelity Index UK fund 0.09 0.07
Fidelity Index US fund 0.1 0.08
Fidelity Index Japan fund 0.12 0.1
Fidelity Index Pacific ex Japan fund 0.15 0.13
Fidelity Index Europe ex UK fund 0.12 0.1
Fidelity Index Emerging Markets fund 0.25 0.23
Fidelity Index World fund 0.2 0.18

Note: OCFs are percentage figures.

The current annual cost of our portfolio’s funds is 0.18%. If we drafted in the Fidelity funds then this would fall to 0.13%. That’s a near 30% reduction in costs.

Sounds tasty!

But let’s keep some perspective – it only amounts to a £7.50 annual saving on our portfolio’s approximate £15,000 value.

That’s definitely not worth the bother. Moreover, it doesn’t take into account tracking error – the additional costs a fund spews like exhaust fumes, and which aren’t measured by the OCF.

Some of the Fidelity funds are very new, so they don’t have a track record that we can even probe.

But one we can look at is the Fidelity Index UK fund, and here the apparent advantage of this fund over our current UK holding is certainly not as wide as it first appears. The 0.08% OCF advantage is reduced to a miniscule 0.01% rounding error once tracking error is accounted for, according to Trustnet’s charting tool.

So for the moment, I’m not going to make any changes. But that isn’t to say you wouldn’t do perfectly well with these Fidelity funds.

New transactions

Every quarter we lay another £850 1 at the feet of the money gods.

We use Larry Swedroe’s 5/25 rule to trigger rebalancing moves. All’s quiet for now, so there isn’t any need to sell any outperforming funds.

Instead we’ll divide our cash as normal between our seven chosen funds, as per our asset allocation strategy:

UK equity

Vanguard FTSE U.K. Equity Index Fund – OCF 0.15%
Fund identifier: GB00B59G4893

New purchase: £127.50
Buy 0.646 units @ £197.48

Target allocation: 15%

Developed World ex UK equities

Split between four funds covering North America, Europe, the developed Pacific and Japan 2.

Target allocation (across the following four funds): 49%

North American equities

BlackRock US Equity Tracker Fund D – OCF 0.17%
Fund identifier: GB00B5VRGY09

New purchase: £212.50
Buy 154.66 units @ £1.37

Target allocation: 25%

European equities excluding UK

BlackRock Continental European Equity Tracker Fund D – OCF 0.18%
Fund identifier: GB00B83MH186

New purchase: £102
Buy 60.14 units @ £1.70

Target allocation: 12%

Japanese equities

BlackRock Japan Equity Tracker Fund D – OCF 0.17%
Fund identifier: GB00B6QQ9X96

New purchase: £51
Buy 39.41 units @ £1.29

Target allocation: 6%

Pacific equities excluding Japan

BlackRock Pacific ex Japan Equity Tracker Fund D – OCF 0.2%
Fund identifier: GB00B849FB47

New purchase: £51
Buy 23.79 units @ £2.14

Target allocation: 6%

Emerging market equities

BlackRock Emerging Markets Equity Tracker Fund D – OCF 0.28%
Fund identifier: GB00B84DY642

New purchase: £85
Buy 52.19 units @ £1.10

Target allocation: 10%

UK Gilts

Vanguard UK Government Bond Index – OCF 0.15%
Fund identifier: IE00B1S75374

New purchase: £221
Buy 1.70 units @ £130.04

Target allocation: 26%

New investment = £850

Trading cost = £0

Platform fee = 0.25% per annum

This model portfolio is notionally held with Charles Stanley Direct. You can use its monthly investment option to invest from £50 per fund. Just cancel the option after you’ve traded if you don’t want to make the same investment next month.

Take a look at our online broker table for other good platform options. Look at flat fee brokers if your portfolio is worth substantially more than £20,000.

Average portfolio OCF = 0.18%

If all this seems too much like hard work then you can always buy a diversified portfolio using an all-in-one fund like Vanguard’s LifeStrategy series.

Take it steady,

The Accumulator

  1. The Slow & Steady portfolio is virtual. It’s a model portfolio designed for discussion and to show how a passive portfolio might operate and perform on a small scale.[]
  2. You can simplify the portfolio by choosing the do-it-all Vanguard FTSE Developed World Ex-UK Equity index fund instead of the four separates.[]
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