The earnings yield is a way of looking at the income generated by a company in a similar way to the yield you’d get from a bond or the dividend yield of a share.
It tells you what percentage return the company is making, on the basis of its after-tax income and the price you pay for it.
For example consider a fictional company, Monevator Industries, generating £5 million in net profits, and with a market capitalisation of £100 million.
Earnings yield = Net profit / market capitalisation = 5 / 100 = 5%
That’s it. Simple!
Earnings yield and the P/E ratio
Now you may be thinking at this point about the P/E ratio, in which case stick a gold star on your Investing 101 wall chart and have an extra dollop of ice cream (/glug of Chardonnay) after dinner. You’ve earned it.
The earnings yield is simply the inverse of the P/E ratio.
Forgotten what the P/E ratio is?
P/E = Market Cap / Earnings
For Monevator Industries:
P/E = Market Cap / Earnings = 100 / 5 = 20
Knowing that the earnings yield is the inverse of the P/E ratio makes it a doddle to calculate.
If you know the P/E ratio of a particular company – and you probably do, since P/Es are much more widely quoted than earnings yields – then:
Earnings yield = 1 / the P/E ratio
So for Monevator industries:
Earnings yield = 1 / P/E ratio = 1 / 20 = 5%
As with P/E ratios, you can also calculate the earnings yield on the basis of earnings per share and the share price, instead of net profits and market capitalisation.
For example, as I write SuperGroup is trading at 488p, and is forecast to earn 46.1p in its current financial year.
Earnings yield = 46.1 / 488 = 9.4%
Alternatively, I can see from my data supplier that the P/E of SuperGroup is 10.8.
So:
Earnings yield = 1/10.8 = 9.3%
The two numbers are slightly different, most likely reflecting slightly different analysts’ earnings predictions for earnings being used in the calculation. But they’re close enough.
This brings up an important point…
Earnings yields are not guaranteed returns
If you’re comparing the earnings yield of a share with the yield from a bond, you must remember that profit forecasts for companies are just that – forecasts.
A bond will pay you a fixed and known annual income until it matures (barring defaults).
In contrast, companies can and do lurch from expected profits into losses – or from a predicted loss or small profit into a large profit, or from a bumper profit into a teeny profit, or any other combination.
In short, the return is not guaranteed.
Of course you can use historical data – last year’s earnings – to see precisely what the earnings yield was on a historical basis. However this doesn’t get away from the uncertainty of future earnings, and those are what really matter to you as an investor, unless you’re Dr Who and you fancy using your time machine to invest in the past.
This is one reason why shares have tended to have higher earnings yields than the yield on bonds. The risk and uncertainty of shares must be compensated for by a potentially higher return.
Remember that bonds face their own risks, not least from inflation. Over time, companies have the capacity to raise their prices and profits to keep up with inflation. The income from bonds is fixed, so higher than expected than inflation can result in lower than anticipated real returns from a bond.
The ability to grow earnings over time is also the reason why fast-expanding growth companies can sport low earnings yields, and so at first glance look like terrible investments.
As I write, microprocessor designer ARM Holdings has an earnings yield of 2.5%, which looks like rotten value compared to even 3% from cash stuck in a savings account.
But ARM has grown its net income by around 30% a year on a compound basis over the past five years.
Investors buying ARM shares today on its low earnings yield are betting it will continue its heady rate of growth for years to come, and so make today’s seemingly expensive valuation look like a steal.
Earnings yield versus dividend yield
Small though a 2.5% earnings yield may be, it’s still a lot higher than the 0.7% dividend yield that ARM shares are forecast to pay as an annual dividend.
As for the aforementioned SuperGroup, it has no plans to pay any dividend at all. This means you’ll get no cash whatsoever paid back to you if you buy SuperGroup shares.
I said SuperGroup currently has an earnings yield of 9.4%. So where did that 9.4% go, and have the authorities been informed?
Fear not – this isn’t another example of corporate larceny.
The earnings yield reflects the profits your company has made on your behalf, as a shareholder. The management you employ at your company (it’s nice to have delusions of grandeur) decide every year about how much of those profits to pay out as a dividend, how much to reinvest in growing your business, and how much to spend lining their own pockets.
Another popular alternative for management is to use a portion of the profits to buy back shares in the company, which has the affect of reducing the shares in issuance and so increasing the future earnings per share.1
Some grizzly investors say that the only yield you should care about is the dividend yield. After all, you can’t spend the earnings yield on fast cars and fancy wine – nor reinvest it in other companies for that matter – since it’s not cash in hand. And you can’t be sure that management will wisely grow the business when they reinvest profits. They may very spend too much to acquire a rival, or pay too much to buy back their own shares.
But always remember that as a shareholder you’re a part owner in the business. If your company can successfully expand by reinvesting profits and so deliver sustainably higher earnings in the future then you’ll benefit, either through a higher share price or through a bigger dividend payout.
Other snags with using earnings yield
As a business owner, you’ll naturally want to know how your company operates in some detail. The earnings yield is just one statistic. It doesn’t tell you much about the company in isolation.
For example, like the P/E ratio it doesn’t take into account how much debt a company is carrying.
To get around these drawbacks, famed US investor Joel Greenblatt suggested in The Little Book That Still Beats the Market
Earnings yield long-term gains
Warren Buffett’s company Berkshire Hathaway has only paid a dividend once in 30-odd years. Yet its shareholders have still been well-rewarded, thanks to its remarkable compounded earnings.
Buffett has remorselessly grown Berkshire by reinvesting all its profits. As a result, a single Berkshire Hathaway share that cost $6,000 in 1990 would now set you back over $127,000!
Personally, I like to strike a balance between expectations of future earnings growth and a reasonable dividend payout in hand when I buy shares. After all, there aren’t many Warren Buffetts around to run companies.
The bottom line is there are no one-size fits all rules, so make sure you consider every aspect of a company’s business if you’re working out its earnings yield in order to assess it as a potential investment.
- Whether this is a good idea or not compared to paying a dividend is a topic for another day. [↩]
I find return on capital a much better metric of the health of the firm. It’s operating earnings / (equity + debt – investments).
A little harder to compute, but it ignores issues of capital structure and non-operating earnings and gets at how good the underlying business is.
@W — Hi, and thanks for your comment. Yes, Return on Capital is another piece of the picture for sure. (In fact, it’s the other part, with earnings yield, of Greenblatt’s so-called ‘magic formula’). I find earnings yield is most useful as a cross-investment (and cross-asset) comparison tool, more than a company health indicator, but as I say I look at most variables, including truly fuzzy factors like ‘the story’ and so on.
I spend lot of time thinking about earnings yields. As a shareholder, I’m happy if the management is creating value for me whether they return it to me via dividend or deploy it well themselves, as in the perfect example of Berkshire. Still, of course, A nice juicy dividend does hurt either. I love dividends. I really do. But I will never pass up the chance to invest in a fantastic company such as Dignity (LON:DTY) based on their relatively low dividend yield. Their earnings yield makes it a very nice opportunity.
@Ash — Dignity is an interesting business and I’d be a buyer at lower levels. But IMHO they are a good example of the dangers of looking at earnings without considering the balance sheet. They were carrying a vast amount of debt last time I looked. Admittedly their customers are unlikely to go away — people will keep dying and needing to be buried — but there could be other disruptions that might threaten their earnings, and so their ability to manage this debt. Or indeed something else might make the debt load riskier (refinancing risk, for instance).
Not saying they’re a bad investment, I have no strong view. Just food for thought! 🙂
Oh, that’s a good point for sure. Looking at the numbers on the balance sheet and the actions behind them are important. I’m comfortable with their levels of debt. They do talk about that. I believe they very carefully manage their leverage to make their operation more efficient. I think the only major threat to their burial business is the trend in cremations…and they’re scaling up their cremation operations significantly and it happens to be a more profitable business anyway!
To emphasise the fact though, I do agree with you. Focusing on one part of any investment proposition is just asking for trouble.
@Ash — You’ve obviously done your digging. Good stuff. I am toying again with introducing a Forum on Monevator, and I may put an active share idea sub-forum on there. (I’m worried about providing a home for rampers, basically, though it doesn’t seem to stop many of the big boys). Perhaps we can continue the discussion on there some day. 🙂
I think that’s a great idea. Are there any specific rules you need to abide by? I think Interactive Investor forums are closed to people who have provided identification. Is that a best practice thing or is it some FSA requirement? Hmm. I like a good chat about investing more than the next guy, but I could never be bothered to send away ID just so I could post to forums.
I’ve changed perspectives a bit on dividend yield, at least for regular profit-seeking companies, and not income vehicles likes MLPs and REITS. Steady profitability and good prospects for more of the same is more enticing that a(n overly) fat dividend. Good article.
@Ash — Basically have to try to stop people ramping shares and being libellous. Unfortunately that sort of thing is often very subjective and as an owner (who could get sued) you’d be more naturally cautious. Besides which I’d hate this site to become part of the problem not solution! Anyway, OT for this thread. Watch this space! 🙂