Even the most strategically disinterested passive investor – that’s a compliment, incidentally – will know that the biggest US technology firms were what drove global equity returns higher last year.
I featured dozens of links in 2023 to articles charting the rise of the so-called ‘Magnificent Seven’.
Behemoths such as Microsoft, Amazon, Apple, and Alphabet that couldn’t possibly get any more highly-valued. Until they did!
Broaden the lens to the asset allocation level and things were almost as skewed. Not only did a handful of mega-cap equities drive returns – but equities, especially US ones, were really the only game in town.
And let’s not remind ourselves of the nightmare of 2022.
But okay, if we must then you’ll recall it was the year that diversification utterly failed and pretty much every asset went down. Starring, of course, the worst bond bear market in several generations.
Very high inflation and rising rates sent bond yields soaring and bond prices crashing.
This was not unpredictable given the pace of rate rises (which were unpredictable).
But it did make one despair of owning a diversified portfolio, and saw the 60/40 portfolio written off as dead (again).
Last year already proved that particular obituary to be premature (again, again). Especially in the US.
But while an end to the free fall in bond prices didn’t hurt, the truth is the 60/40’s decent showing was in no small part due to those biggest tech companies returning 50-100% or more in a single year.
So diversification worked, but only because it didn’t get in the way of what really worked.
Risky business
This all-conquering short-term dominance of equities is not an inevitable state of affairs, as this graphic from Legal and General’s 2024 outlook explains:
The graph shows that from around late 2001 to 2014, investors were rewarded – on a risk-adjusted basis – for having diversified portfolios, compared to if they’d only held global equities instead.
Since then though, more often than not owning anything but equities has been a drag.
This probably won’t last. Not least because high-quality government bonds now boast nominal yields of 4-5% or more thanks to the big sell-off, as opposed to the 1% or so they touted before it.
But also because sooner or later the global slowdown we’ve been promised for 18 months should finally arrive, even if it’s a mild one – and because central banks are due to start cutting rates regardless with inflation falling.
Given all the argy-bargy unfolding on the geopolitical scene, I’d certainly take a recession as the casus incisusthat sends bond yields down and hence lifts bond prices – in preference to the potential casus belli rattling across the news.
Indeed Legal and General’s head of asset allocation says:
…this is, in our view, not an environment in which to bet on the concentration of risk. One might be lucky and avoid a crisis but if not, performance could be terrible.
Instead, we believe it’s a matter of spreading risk over multiple regions and multiple return drivers.
Over a longer horizon, we believe diversification should outperform more concentrated portfolios on a risk-adjusted basis.
The historical average of the difference in Sharpe ratios is in favour of diversification, according to our calculations.
First among equals
As I’ve written before, it’s conceivable we’ve entered a late-capitalism endgame where the half-dozen or so mega-companies that got to scale just as AI arrives have the data pools and moolah to win forever.
In which case prepare for either a terrifying dystopia or Ian M. Bank’s culture, to suit your taste.
It seems safer to bet though that the stock market is having one of its moments. That, magnificent though these market darlings indisputably are – perhaps the best businesses we’ve ever seen – they won’t prevail perpetually any more than Vodafone, Standard Oil, or the Dutch East India Company did before them.
In which case it’s probably best to keep a sense of balance. Not least in your portfolio.
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Remember Jake, who used geo-arbitrage to escape the rat race? We’re back in the Monevator snug to hear from the man himself whether his FIRE reality has lived up to the dream, one year on.
I have often found myself reflecting on life during the last 12 months. Especially so at a funeral I recently attended.
It was nice to hear all the stories and kind words that people had to say about this individual. Inspiring to hear how positive they were during their lifetime. A glass half-full kind of person.
I have had inflection points like this before. Unfortunately over time the light dims on them.
This time I aspire to be more intentional. There are only a limited number of good healthy years left.
FIRE by the numbers
Financially our first 12 months of FIRE went well. Our net worth on 1 Jan 2024 stood at £964,000.
For the sake of clarity, the net worth in my original FIRE-side chat was the value I took on a random day in early 2023. Specifically our net worth (excluding our house) on 1 Jan 2023 was £845,000.
This net worth figure climbed above £900,000 (again excluding our house) for the first time in June and stayed above that level for most of the rest of the year, with the brief exception of October.
We spent just under £32,000 during the year. That amounts to a 3.77% withdrawal rate.
We had been heading for a 3.30% withdrawal rate with a total spend of just under £28,000. But at the end of December we booked a 2024 family holiday at a cost of £4,000.
One caveat to our 2023 spending is we did not go on holiday. Instead we had plenty of family days out during the school holidays. Although we did book and pay for that 2024 holiday, we’ve yet to enjoy it!
There was approximately £3,000 of spending on a few (hopefully) non-regular bits, including some plumbing and insulation work.
Investing in the face of inflation
All the asset values in our net worth are nominal, and of course our net worth in real terms has been impacted by the recent high inflation.
We are heavily invested in equities, which hopefully will offset some of the negative effects of inflation.
Still no bonds and we’re still overweight America. I know this goes against the conventional wisdom out there. But currently I seem to have a mental block as I can’t bring myself to diversify into bonds and a world tracker. I may have to learn this lesson the hard way.
Having neither worked nor received any salary for a year, it’s a slightly surreal feeling that our nominal net worth has increased during this time – despite 12 month’s worth of spending being deducted.
It’s notable too that thanks to the price of most things we buy going up with high inflation, our bills are bigger than I might have expected had inflation remained subdued.
We are in the fortunate position that we don’t have a mortgage, and thus have not suffered at the hands of higher interest rates like so many homeowners.
Undercover escapees
During the past year I’ve attempted to adjust my mindset towards being more flexible with our spending, as opposed to my previous accumulation, saving, and investing mindset. The decisions and actions we took before are not necessarily what’s appropriate in our de-accumulation life.
I don’t mean spending large amounts of money on unnecessarily expensive items. Rather, spending little and often so we can enjoy days out together as a family, especially while our children are young.
I still look for value for money. But I want to put more emphasis on the joy that our family will gain from these experiences.
We’ve still not told people in our local area of our situation as financially independent early retirees. Only our family and old friends are aware we’re no longer working.
Most of the people we know in our local area are parents whom we’ve met via our children. I’ve observed the way some of them talk about money, finances, and wealthy acquaintances. The impression I have is that a lot of our new network are middle-earners who appear to put more emphasis on spending money, rather than saving and investing.
I think some may have mindsets too entrenched to appreciate the long-term hard work, planning, difficult decisions, grit, and delayed gratification that helped us arrive at where we currently are.
In contrast, having lived through it I’m obviously well aware of all the work I did that provided the money that I then invested, which in turn enabled me to leave that world in the rear-view mirror.
During the last couple of years at work I had an on-going internal debate of when enough was enough. I could have carried on for another year or two for the extra money, or because I was scared and fearful of the risks involved. But mentally I felt I was in the fast lane to burnout. I needed to end the journey.
Going with the flow
It’s surprisingly difficult to explain how we’ve spent our time since I left work.
Our days are still structured around our children and the school run. Which, for example, stops us from spending the whole day away from home. But I really treasure the time on the school run. Children grow up so quickly and I missed this in the early years.
Some of my time has been spent recovering from the stress, anxiety, and tension that I felt daily while in the corporate world. I’m learning to try and look after and understand myself more. To be kinder to myself, to not to be so self-critical, or to put myself under unnecessary pressure. I keep reminding myself that I can slow down.
There are some days when I don’t want to do anything, so I don’t. My mood may be low. Doubts and negative thoughts can creep in. Then there are other days when I feel the need to accomplish something. It’s nice to be able to listen to my body and mind when deciding what to do for the day. Rather than having the decision taken out of my hands by the corporate machine, as in my previous life.
I often spend time outside in the garden tidying up or going for walks around the local area. This enables us to enjoy the simple pleasure of observing the changing seasons. I’m fishing again, which is a wonderful way to spend time outdoors close to nature. If the weather restricts me to indoors, I will potter about, listening to music, reading, catching up on Monevator articles, doing household admin (I still write to-do lists), planning little projects. Sometimes I like to just sit down in peace alone with my thoughts.
This may not sound as exciting as some envisage their future post-work life to be. The excitement comes in different forms. Being able to observe our children develop and grow – witnessing those moments that bring them joy and intrigue without the interruption of the next urgent work emergency – is priceless.
Five things that went as planned
Financially we were fortunate that the winds of the American markets were behind us in our first year. This helped ease the initial fears of dealing with the de-accumulation phase and sequence of return risk.
My wife and I are in this together as a team. We have a joint objective to enjoy and make the most of our new family lifestyle.
In moments of contemplation, I’ve realised that giving up employment is not as scary as I had built it up to be. It’s easy to focus on the worst-case scenarios and ignore the potential benefits.
There is a feeling of freedom to finally have control and independence over our time, finances, and our direction of travel as a family.
The work-related stress has disappeared and hopefully over time this will benefit my long-term health. I sometimes smile to myself at a distant memory of a former boss misunderstanding me once again.
Five things I’ve learned or recalibrated
I had a fear that my work had become the main part of my identity over such a long period of time. It was a very stressful and demanding role that I found little enjoyment and even less meaning in. The jury is still out as to whether I’ve managed to re-discover who I was before my sentence in the corporate world.
There is not as much time available as you dream there will be, especially with children. I have multiple ever-increasing to-do lists on the go at the same time. I’m not sure how we ever managed pre-FIRE!
I’m still trying to understand if I need more structure in my day, in addition to the school run. Fortunately, there are no imposed deadlines on discovering what works in my new reality.
I suspect I haven’t fully decompressed since leaving employment. Being able to relax is a skill I am slowing re-acquainting myself with.
I wrestle with the dilemma of whether I should tell people that I’m no longer working. I have almost been caught out on a couple of occasions when people have asked how work is going, or whether we have any time off over the holiday period.
Closing thoughts
After a long and sometimes frustrating journey, we arrived at destination FIRE. And just like that, we are already advancing into our second year of early retirement.
We have the freedom to live the life we want on our own terms. There are potential risks on the horizon and plenty of challenges to overcome. But we feel we’re in a better place to prosper as a family.
Thanks so much to Jake for letting us know how he’s faring with FIRE. It’s good to hear from the other side of the rainbow! But what do you think readers? Should we make such occasional post-FIRE follow-ups a feature of the FIRE-side chats, or would you rather we focused on new stories?Please let us know in the comments below, along with any reflections or questions about Jake’s experience.
It’s duvet day here at Monevator as we update our asset allocation quilt with another year’s worth of returns.
The resulting patchwork reveals the fluctuating fortunes of the major asset classes across a decade and invites a question…
Could you predict the winners and losers from one year to the next?
Asset allocation quilt 2023
The asset allocation quilt ranks the main equity, bond, and commodity sub-asset classes for each year from 2014 to 2023 from the perspective of a UK investor who puts Great British Pounds (GBP) to work:
We’ve sourced annual returns from publicly available ETFs that represent each sub-asset class.
The data is courtesy of justETF – an excellent ETF portfolio building service.
Returns are nominal.1 To obtain real annualised returns, subtract the average UK inflation rate of approximately 3% from the nominal figures quoted in the final column of the chart.
Returns take into account the Ongoing Charge Figure (OCF), dividends or interest earned, and are reported in pounds.
Again, these are GBP results. If our numbers differ from yours, check that you’re not looking at USD returns. (It’s either that or our minds have been obliterated from staring too long at the crazy pixel explosion above.)
Sanity check
While our chart may look like the worst pullover pattern ever, it does offer some useful narrative threads.
For a start, investing success is not as simple as piling into last year’s winner. A reigning number one asset has only once held onto its crown for two consecutive years – broad commodities achieving the feat from 2021 to 2022.
But in 2023? Commodities plunged straight to the bottom of the table after two years at the top.
Yet long periods of dominance holding very near the top of each year are possible – see US equities. S&P 500 returns have only dropped into the bottom half of the table once in the past decade (in 2022).
The danger is this pattern gulls us into thinking it will always be thus. Yet the asset allocation quilt for 1999 to 2008 would have looked very different.
US stocks lost 4% per annum during that ten-year stretch. I suspect the S&P 500 was a touch less popular back then.
Mean reversion is not a law though. America could continue to rule the equity roost for years to come. Credible voices suggesting we can’t expect US large caps to keep defying gravity have been whistling in the wind for years.
The golden thread
Gold looks attractive as the leading non-equity diversifier. But its third-place ranking in the 10-year return column reveals that even a decade worth of returns can mislead.
The same column last year placed gold in 8th, barely scraping a positive real return. In 2021, gold was second from last.
What happened? The yellow metal’s 2013 poleaxing (-30%) dropped out of the picture, that’s what. Gold then floated up the rankings as that annus horribilis was replaced with a creditable 2023 performance.
While it’d be wonderful to reliably avoid such market firestorms, how is that to be done?
For example, 2022 was a terrible year for nearly everything, whereas 2023 was a real shot in the arm for global equity investors.
Did you really feel any better about the world’s prospects in 2023 versus 2022?
The truth is 2023 looked grim too from an investing perspective until a massive Santa rally saved the year.
The message is that investing returns are often hard won. Pain goes with the territory.
A chequered past
A particularly awful year or two can completely alter our perceptions of an asset class.
10-year bond returns were perfectly satisfactory back in 2021. But the bond crash of 2022 will poison the well for years to come.
Bonds now look like a liability by the light of the last ten years. Yet higher yields are almost certain to deliver better returns from bonds over the next decade, provided inflation is tamed.
That said, much as I think bonds should be part of a diversified portfolio, I don’t think they’re enough as 2022 demonstrated.
Commodities can guard the portfolio against fast-rising inflation, which bonds and equities can’t cope with.
But you’ll need testicular fortitude to live with the volatility of raw materials.
They’ve inflicted losses for six out of the last ten years, but redeemed themselves with spectacular 30%+ gains on three occasions. Most critically, when inflation lifted off in 2021 and 2022.
Note how commodities fall away as inflation subsides in 2023. A pattern that’s regularly repeated over commodities’ longer-term record as a ‘sometimes’ inflation hedge.
If you don’t think we’re done with inflation yet then commodities make sense.
The missing link
Inflation-linked bonds make sense too, but not the flawed mid to long duration funds that failed so badly in 2022.
A partial solution is choosing a short-term linker fund such as the Royal London Short Duration Global Index Linked fund. Its 5.5% annual return would bag it 7th place in our asset allocation quilt’s 2023 column.2
It would have placed 5th in 2022 with a -5.4% return. That’s not stellar but was a sight better than nominal gilts or longer duration inflation-linked bond funds.
The real solution is to hedge inflation with individual UK index-linked gilts which – if held to maturity – will protect your purchasing power against headline inflation.
We’ve recently written about how to do that:
See the Using a rolling linker ladder to hedge unexpected inflation section in our post about deciding whether or not you need such a ladder.
Then see our step-by-step guide to constructing your own index-linked gilt ladder if you do want to do it yourself.
Stitch in time
However you weave your response to the challenges of investing, the asset allocation quilt makes it plain that the best way to anticipate the future is to be ready for anything.
Buy your asset classes on the cheap after they’ve taken a kicking, grit your teeth while they’re down, then reap the reward when their day – or year – comes around again.
Finally, as uncertainty abounds, let’s be thankful that if you banked on the default position of global equities then you did just fine. In fact, more than fine over the last decade.
That near-8% annualised real return is excellent.
Take it steady,
The Accumulator
That is to say they are not adjusted for inflation. [↩]
To get ten years worth of returns, our asset allocation quilt currently tracks Xtracker’s Global Inflation-Linked Bond ETF GBP hedged. This is a mid to long duration fund. [↩]
I began drafting today’s post on Wednesday, observing that while 2024 had begun with a splutter for most markets after the almighty Santa Rally, Bitcoin was still going strong.
How come?
Just like the others, Bitcoin has benefited from the emerging consensus that central banks will begin to cut interest rates this year. Perhaps markedly so.
Any asset that pays no income will surely benefit when the competition from cash recedes.
But there’s been at least three other narratives driving the Bitcoin rally:
A widely-held conviction that the SEC in the US is about to approve at least one Bitcoin ETF
The upcoming ‘halving event’ in April, which will halve the rate of release of new Bitcoins to miners
The fact that the latest cypto winter didn’t kill Bitcoin, despite all those bankruptcies and felonies. This must have made it stronger
It all helped Bitcoin’s price advance around 150% in 2023 – albeit after an epic crash the year before.
Things that go bump in the price
Yet no sooner had I hit ‘Save’ on my draft than this happened:
Yes, the Bitcoin price fell more than 10% in about ten minutes.
So much for the asset class growing up!
As I write, the cause of Bitcoin’s latest moment of madness appeared to be the opinion of a sole analyst.
Marcus Thielen of crypto platform Matrixport was quoted by The Block as saying:
“SEC Chair Gensler is not embracing crypto in the U.S., and it might even be a very long shot to expect that he would vote to approve bitcoin spot ETFs.
“This might be fulfilled by Q2 2024, but we expect the SEC to reject all proposals in January.”
Now, I can’t imagine why the SEC might be leery of green-lighting a retail-friendly ETF for an asset that dives 10% on the opinion of a single analyst in about the time it takes to Google it.
It’s not the message so much as the market that’s the problem here.
Everyone’s not a winner
Bitcoin remains a thinly-traded and illiquid asset.
A relatively small number of so-called ‘whales’ own a huge proportion – around 40% – of the outstanding stock. (Or at least all the stock that’s available that hasn’t been lost to Welsh landfill and the like.)
Indeed it’s not clear to me what diehard HODL-ers like Michael Saylor of MicroStrategy see as the endgame for their remorseless Bitcoin accumulation.
I obviously understand that scarcity can push up the price of a desired commodity.
But when that commodity’s only proven use case so far is as a (hugely volatile) store of value, surely that’s undermined if only a hundred or so entities control so much of the supply?
How will all the other stuff Saylor talks about with Bitcoin happen if it gets so closely-held that it becomes very hard to actually buy – and potentially use – it?
I suppose that the new financial order they predict (note: I don’t) could run with only tiny or even notional bits of Bitcoin changing hands. Maybe these massive holders will then act as de facto central banks?
Maybe, but I don’t remember reading about that in Satoshi’s white paper.
A stake in one future
Still, I continue to believe that brave – or crypto-enamoured – private investors can justify holding up to a few percent in Bitcoin or Bitcoin proxies such as MicroStrategy or the Bitcoin miner Riot Platforms.
For what it’s worth I do – despite some ongoing befuddlement.
Bitcoin and blockchain are among the most intriguing innovations of our time. But one has to acknowledge the vast range of potential outcomes, from Bitcoin going to zero, right up to it backing fiat currencies or being the preferred currency of powerful AI agents in a William Gibson-esque dystopia.
Hence why I’ve argued a small allocation that’s left to boom or bust is a practical response.
The trend is your friend
Of course this strategic inactivity might be severely tested if Bitcoin actually ten-bagged in a year.
And we can well imagine that a Bitcoin ETF could be very bullish for the Bitcoin price. It would make it easier for individuals and institutions to buy a small stake of the diminishing pool of free-floating Bitcoins.
As I believe a higher Bitcoin price is a self-fulfilling prophecy when it comes to the future price of Bitcoin, so higher prices should gradually de-risk the asset class by itself. At least for a time.
But others think differently, of course.
Some even say ETF approval would be the death knell for Bitcoin, because it would curb those exotic use cases.
Others just ridicule what they see as an unusually hard-to-kill tulip-mania.
We’ll have to wait and see.
Incidentally my comments here relate only to Bitcoin. I have no conviction about the other cryptocurrencies.
It is not that I’m certain they will all fail. If Bitcoin endures and delivers anything like a decent return, then I’d bet in that particular world that a few of the other thousands of cryptos will do very well, too.
It’s more that in any outcome where any other particular crypto currency succeeds, I think Bitcoin will be at least okay – as digital gold, if nothing else – even if it’s not the standout performer.
In contrast, in all eventualities it seems obvious that the majority of Bitcoin’s thousands of rivals will amount to nothing, even if a dozen or so do thrive. There’s just so many out there.
Hence Bitcoin seems the median risk bet.
Putting 1-5% into a cryptocurrency is plenty enough risk already. So I’ll do whatever I can to reduce the uncertainty!
