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Weekend reading: Pre-apocalyptic budgeting blues

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What caught my eye this week.

Unlike every other personal finance blogger around, I’ve started 2020 wondering whether it’s time I spent more money.

Definitely not going bananas – financial independence is too precious a salve for that!

But making little effort to further grow my wealth.

This is a novel thing for me to consider. Saving comes naturally (genetically?) to me. I’ve mostly left The Accumulator to write posts about mental fortitude and so on, because I’ve no great insights in this area – I just do it. Being in the black has been normal for me since I was eight or nine. I often have to strain my powers of empathy to understand why anyone with a reasonable job and no dependents is different.

And so for decades I’ve occasionally amused myself with compound interest. Even sleeping overnight in a hospital when my dad was in intensive care – and the financial crisis raged abroad – I’d plug in my numbers like some comforting ritual, to see what ludicrous rate of return I needed to catch up with Warren Buffett. (I was also reading The Snowball. And no, I’ve not caught-up!)

So what’s changed?

Well, it’s not that I think we’re doomed to low returns from equities for valuation, or other market timing reasons to act. I don’t see any great evidence for that, provided you’re globally diversified.

And I couldn’t give two hoots about a run-of-the-mill bear market.

Perhaps it’s just getting older? Childless friends my age are forever traveling, urging that you can’t take it with you.

Maybe it is just middle-age? There was a story going around on Bloomberg this week that mid-life misery peaks at just over 47. I’m within shooting distance, but that sort of estimate is usually tied to responsibilities I don’t have, like sleepless children.

Still, I do suspect it’s the ‘years’ field on my old friend, the compound interest calculator, that has set me off.

Because, frankly, when I look around at the world today, I’m more hesitant about entering another 40 years into that box.

Woe is me

Stand down that “actually…”, my friends…

As someone who has often sent people Hans Rosling’s infamously positive TED talk about how the world is getting better – and who regularly includes similar graphs in this round-up – I’m well aware many indicators are going the right way.

I also notice exciting progress in my active investing forays. Genetics-based biotech and the coming-of-age for renewables are two exciting areas to watch.

But I wonder if it’s too little, too late?

Recent politics doesn’t help my mood, obviously. One reason for sharing those hopeful graphs is all the debating with people – left and right – who have become openly scornful of the systems that brought us peace and prosperity – capitalism, markets, a social safety net, international cooperation. See Brexit and Donald Trump for more.

Politics also matters because we’ve had a gun to our head for six decades, and yet nobody talks about nuclear war anymore.

My feelings on nuclear weapons are summed up by this quote attributed to Bertrand Russell:

 “You may reasonably expect a man to walk a tightrope safely for ten minutes; it would be unreasonable to do so without accident for two hundred years.”

When you look at the glib nationalism now prevalent in the UK and the US – and the renewed posturing of Russia and, arguably, China – you can’t help remembering we’ve already been balancing on that tightrope for quite some time.

And then there’s the environment.

Again, not a novel concern – see my post from 2010 on why environmental degradation is the biggest thread to your long-term wealth.

But honestly? I thought I’d probably easily make it out before a true collapse.

If anything I’d become less militant on that front. I’ve got no kids, so why was I curbing my short-haul flights and offsetting carbon via a share of fresh woodland I bought? My friends were constantly in the air with their two or three children who would inherit the results.

Maybe the Australian bush fires are a wake-up call? Evidence has been abundant for years – as a once would-have-been marine biologist I’ve long read about coral reefs dissolving from ocean acidification with dismay – but the Aussie footage is ominous.

Finally, I’ve also just read Dan Carlin’s The End Is Always Near.

As a fan of Carlin’s podcasts I’m familiar with his dour take on the murderous and careless nature of human beings. But you’re whacked over the head with it in his book. It’s hard not to conclude we’re living on borrowed time.

If I told you Carlin wonders whether intervention by an alien caretaker might be one of humanity’s best and only shots, you’ll get the picture!

Enough is enough

The other day I mused whether a Plan B was required in case the politics in Britain continues to deteriorate towards irrationality. A bug-out escape option, maybe, to some more hospitable political climate.

Many readers engaged with the idea. A few said I was being ridiculous or irresponsible for ‘predicting’ such a thing.

Let’s try the maths again, eh?

I’m guessing there is a 5-10% chance of this bug-out option being needed – up from ‘negligible’ 20 years ago. So I’m estimating at most a one-in-ten chance. In other words, I ‘predict’ that nine times out of ten the UK won’t reach this sorry state. That is not a forecast of certain or even likely disaster.

The point is even a small chance of a truly dire outcome is worth insuring against, however. It’s the same reason you insure your house against it burning down, though that’s never happened to anybody you know.

Unfortunately there’s no good Plan B against a global catastrophic dislocation – nuclear war, environmental collapse, the singularity, or perhaps a global pandemic – except to get your business done beforehand.

That is, to spend more money.

You can’t save the world

Before anyone asks (thanks in advance!) I’m feeling fine. I’m looking forward to the wedding of an old friend tomorrow, and I have an interesting date lined up for Sunday.  I do suffer from SAD a tad, but that’s nothing new.

These Weekend Reading posts are a chance to range more widely beyond asset allocation, ISAs, and SIPPs. And I have found myself pondering whether an uptick in living for today might be a rational response to how I see things have been progressing.

Wealthy people are living for longer, and we’ve written before that a retiree at even 65-years old should ideally have a plan that can see them out for 30-40 years.

However not all those years will be healthy, and that raises difficult questions when planning. For instance, should you spend more money on travel when you’re early into retirement? Or should you save more for later, when you may need care?

Very few of us consider the healthy life of the societies – or even the planet – when making such calculations.

That’s a luxury we take for granted. Few societies (including our own) have gone as long as the UK has without some major disruption, be it war, famine, plague, or revolution.

Globally of course the planet has always come through, but from Easter Island to the Mayans to most recently the likes of Egypt, the demise of local natural life-support systems has caused unrest if not extinction.

It’s a bleak subject.

Optimists make the best investors, and that’s the hat I’ll continue to wear when investing.

But as a saver?

Maybe it’s time for some pessimism.

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How to maximise your ISAs and SIPPs to reach financial independence post image

Let’s explore how you can combine your UK tax shelters to reach financial independence (FI) as quickly as possible and as safely as you deem necessary. I’ll explain my thinking as we go, so you can decide if my safe is safe enough for you.1

First we need to re-state the problem with the standard FI approach.

Legend has it that you are financially independent once you’ve saved 25 times your annual expenses.

Say your annual expenses equal £25,000:

£25,000 x 25 = £625,000 = living the dream!

Except no. That’s not realistic – and I’m not even slagging off the notorious 4% rule.

It’s not realistic because most of us will have our wealth locked up in ISAs and pensions.

And this inconvenient truth changes the game.

Got 99 problems and a 4% SWR ain’t one

Let’s say you want to retire early. Continuing our example above, we’ll assume you’ve got £300,000 in your ISA by age 40 and £325,000 in your SIPP.

You’re at the magic £625,000 mark. Theoretically you can draw an income of £25,000 at a sustainable withdrawal rate (SWR) of 4%.2

But wait! You can’t access your SIPP until age 55 at best. Perhaps not until age 57, or higher still if politicians keep moving the goalposts.

That means you’ll be withdrawing £25,000 from your £300,000 ISA account for at least 15 years – an 8.3% SWR.

Such a rapid rate of withdrawal means your ISA risks running out of money too fast in more than 25% of scenarios, according to work by one of the top researchers in the field, Professor Wade Pfau.

Frankly, that’s an unacceptable failure rate.

I don’t want to entertain a one-in-four chance of having to go back to work before I can tap into my pensions.

  • Save the entire £625,000 into an ISA and the problem disappears. Trouble is, it’s far harder to retire early without using the powerful tax reliefs available with pensions.
  • Save everything into a pension and retire after the minimum pension age and the problem disappears. But many Monevator readers hope to retire earlier.

The average FIRE-ee will spread their wealth across tax shelters – and the different access times, rules, and quirks can defeat simplistic withdrawal rate tactics.

However, we can crack the code so you can maximise your tax advantages, and hit FI with a realistic plan that minimises the odds of having your dream derailed by a casual cuff of chance.

Ground rules

This is going to be a series of around six posts.

Yes, it’s going to be a bit hardcore. But by the end you’ll have a guide to the key steps, tools, research, calculations, and assumptions that’ll enable you to customise your own plan.

Financial Independence means being able to live off your investments without going back to work. Yes, you can make up shortfalls in savings by picking up work but then you’re not independent. Our plan needs to be robust enough to avoid that scenario if possible.

Of course other income streams can make all the difference if you can engineer them.

Here are my working assumptions:

  • Before minimum pension age, we’ll fund our retirement with ISAs and – if your pre-FI income is high enough – General Investment Accounts (GIAs), which are the non-ISA, non-SIPP broker accounts that are taxed at standard rates for capital gains, dividends, and interest.
  • For money you’ll access beyond minimum pension age, a personal pension wins hands down as your primary savings vehicle. Some people will hit the lifetime allowance, but that’s a nice problem to have, and nothing to be afraid of. To keep things simple, I’ll assume a SIPP is our account of choice from minimum pension age on.
  • I’ll use conservative SWRs as the benchmark for the sustainability of our plan. The SWR metric strikes a good balance between achievability, and relative safety. Our income will be tithed from the total return via capital sales and any income generated by our assets. (Some Monevator readers3 aim to increase their level of security by living off investment income only. I salute them – but it’s a higher bar, takes longer to reach, and still entails risk.)
  • I’ve used UK tax rates in all case studies for the sake of sanity. Scottish and Welsh income taxpayers may have to adjust slightly where relevant.
  • We’ll adjust for the fact that much of the historic research relies on benign US investment returns.
  • Obviously we don’t know what tax regimes will look like in decades to come. Ditto for investment returns, life expectancies, and the price of fish. All we can do is make use of the best information we have and adapt along the way. So err on the side of caution, have a back-up plan (we’ll discuss those), and let’s not be paralysed by the unknowns.

In part two of the series, I show why personal pensions are much more tax efficient than ISAs and shouldn’t be ignored, even by early retirees.

Take it steady,

The Accumulator

  1. Acknowledging that there is no absolute safety in this world. []
  2. £625,000 x 0.04 = £25,000. []
  3. And my co-blogger, The Investor! []
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Weekend reading: Your verdict on the FIRE debate

Weekend reading logo

What caught my eye this week.

Besides a brilliant comment thread, our early retirement Christmas debate concluded with a poll. That’s now closed and the votes are in.

And you, The People – as we must say these days – expressed your FIRE plans as follows:

1,199 readers voted. Wish I’d waited for one more now.

Tempting though it is to present these results as a crushing blow for my workshy arch-frenemy The Accumulator, I’d say it’s really a no-score draw.

That’s because in hindsight the phrasing of the ‘maybe do a bit of work if interesting’ option made it a no-brainer. Only the most dedicated rat race escapee would turn down doing a little paid work they thought was both interesting and useful, surely?

Actually, perhaps the ever-reasonable Details Man really won the debate, given this result.

If so, the prize for victory – diddlysquat, bar the joy of me contesting the results when I see him next – couldn’t have gone to a nicer FIRE-seeker.

Enjoy the links, and your weekend.

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The Slow and Steady passive portfolio update: Q4 2019

The Slow and Steady passive portfolio update: Q4 2019 post image

Last year felt leaden with dread and anxiety, yet as investors we were walking on sunshine. Our Slow & Steady passive portfolio rocketed up 16.3% in 2019. That’s its second-best year ever!

Perhaps the global markets don’t know that we’re sleepwalking towards disaster, or maybe things aren’t as bad as they seem?

  • Our Developed World equities performed best – up 24% this year, with the US to the fore but other regions buoyant, too.
  • Global Small Cap grew 22%.
  • Even the dear old FTSE All-Share soared 20%, enjoying a late bounce from the election result.
  • Emerging Markets and Global Property both scored above 17%.

Our defensive bond holdings hardly embarrassed us, either:

  • UK Government bonds (conventional) rose 7%
  • Global inflation-linked bonds (index-linked) managed over 4%.

Nine years in and the portfolio has grown at 9.4% annualised per year. Call it 7% after inflation.

Here are the numbers in SuperDuper Spreadsheet-o-vision:

The annualised return of the portfolio is 9.4%.

The Slow and Steady portfolio is Monevator’s model passive investing portfolio. It was set up at the start of 2011 with £3,000. An extra £976 is invested every quarter into a diversified set of index funds, tilted towards equities. You can read the origin story and catch up on all the previous passive portfolio posts.

If you’re 100% in global equity trackers then your portfolio probably returned north of 20% this year. That’s worth celebrating. Equities have had a stunning decade. You may well have notched up a return of more than 25% in 2016, and another 10% in 2017.

Understand that this isn’t normal. A stretch like this isn’t unprecedented, but it is extraordinary.

The bull run may well have changed your life. You may now have pushed so close, or so far beyond, your original objective that your eyes are on stalks and your ambitions on stilts.

The danger lies in pushing your luck. Forgetting you can lose after an amazing run. Reaching for more, when you already have Enough.

If your portfolio has grown far larger than it was say five years ago, then cool your jets and chill your spine with a few thought experiments.

How badly would a 30% loss hit you?

When we started this portfolio, a 30% loss would have cost us £900. We’d have replaced that with four months worth of cash contributions.

Now we’d lose over £16,000. That’d take fours years to replace with our current contributions, if the market stayed down – as it easily could.

How about you? Maybe 30% would cost you £50,000, or £100,000, or £500,000. It all depends upon where you are in your journey.

How long would it take you to make up for a 30% correction, if the market afterwards stayed flat?

The probability of loss is much the same in any given year. Our portfolio will be invested for 20 years. We roll the dice every year –and sooner or later it will come up snake eyes.

If an unlucky roll of the dice would now hurt you badly, then maybe you should think about easing off the accelerator if your equity asset allocation is highly aggressive.

I’m not predicting bloodshed in 2020. But I do like to think about the downsides before they happen.

  • To keep partying like it’s 1999 turn to page 666.
  • To manage your risks, turn to page 999.

You have chosen wisely

We built risk management into our Slow & Steady plan by committing to selling 2% of our equities every year, and using that money to increase our defensive bond allocation by 2% every year.

This year’s rebalance will give us an asset allocation of 62:38 equities vs bonds.

That compares to our original asset allocation of 80:20 back in 2011, when we felt young and invincible.

More precisely, our model portfolio had no skin in the game back then and time was on its side.

As the years slip by, we’re less optimistic about our prospects should the market crush our portfolio for half a decade or so. Hence we dial down the risk every year while remaining pro-growth.

We haven’t really lost out either in comparison to a high-risk 100% equities strategy.

The Slow & Steady’s 9.4% annualised return compares nicely with the 10% annualised you’d have earned from global equities and the 9.5% you’d have earned from the FTSE All-Share over the last nine years.

Portfolio maintenance

Here’s the changes we’re making to our asset allocation as of the end of 2019:

  • Emerging Markets -1%
  • Global Property: -1%
  • Global Inflation-Linked bonds: +2%

I’ve reduced Emerging Markets because we try to keep our equity allocations in line with global market allocations. Star Capital helps us do that with their regular updates on the weights of world stock markets.

The current weight of the Emerging Markets on the global stage is 13.4%.

13.4% x 62% (our new equities allocation) = 8.3% portfolio asset allocation.

Strictly speaking I should have trimmed Emerging Markets from 10% to 8% and been done with it. But emerging economies are under-represented by the capital markets and valuations seem decent, so I’ll knock ’em back by 1%.

That means I can cut Global Property by 1%, too. I’m happy to do that because I’ve uncovered evidence that the diversification benefit of REIT equities is marginal. My plan is to reduce the portfolio’s property allocation over time.

Some people disagree with this move, some claim it’s active investing, and The Investor pushed back, too – cautioning that the evidence and my personal experience over the last decade could all be wrong. He may well be right and I could just leave things alone.

Some believe that a passive investor must leave things alone. But I disagree. Even a passive investor must make decisions as the situation changes.

Here’s what I think about when constructing a portfolio:

  • Is there a good case for including the asset class?
  • Do the available investment vehicles adequately capture the benefit of that asset class?
  • Are the characteristics of the asset class right for my investment objectives / risk profile?

The reason I included REITs in the first place was because the weight of expert opinion in favour of them as a diversifier at that time was near-unanimous. The evidence is mixed now, and that’s causing me to reconsider the size of my allocation.

Why not ditch global property entirely if I’m so convinced? Well, I’m not convinced. Evidence has emerged which suggests a new course, but I’m gonna take it slow. As is my way. In matters of finance (if not the heart) I proceed with caution.

The purchases are more straightforward. We’re underweight inflation-linked bonds so the 2% goes there. There isn’t a default fixed-income asset allocation that passive investors can live and die by. I’ve seen arguments for:

  • 50% inflation-linked bonds.
  • 100% inflation-linked bonds.
  • 100% total bond market.
  • Manage in line with your duration.

And that’s not an exhaustive list.

My conundrum is that with 11 years to go for the model portfolio, the main purpose of holding high-quality government bonds is because they’re my best buffer in a recession.

Conventional bonds have historically done a better job in that situation than inflation-linked bonds.

In contrast, index-linked bonds are our best protection against rampant inflation.

I currently fear a recession far more than runaway inflation. I concede that I am making an active decision here. I haven’t got a strong rule that determines my fixed income allocation and that’s giving me license to ‘read the game’ rather than play the percentages.

Apologies for thinking out loud. I hadn’t recognised this until the thought came tumbling out of my typing fingers. It’s too late now so let’s chalk this one up to The Accumulator stumbling over a flaw in his plan. I’ll resolve to come up with a stronger rule to manage the Slow & Steady fixed income allocation over the course of the year. I’ll set out my thinking in a future Slow & Steady post, make the changes necessary, and stick to it.

Okay, to finish off the maintenance section: our annual rebalance means selling a little from all of our surging equity positions to top up our allocation to bonds. In particular, we need to transfer a wedge of our Developed World wealth into weakening UK Government bonds, just to maintain our existing allocations.

Repeat after me: “Sell high, buy low.”

One final cheery note: our average portfolio Ongoing Charge Figure (OCF) has dropped to 0.15% (from 0.17%) due to cost-cutting from Vanguard and Royal London. The portfolio’s OCF has been stuck at 0.17% for over four years, so, like the Swiss flag, this is a big plus.

For perspective, that saves us £2 per £10,000 in our portfolio, or around £10 a year at the mo’. We smash costs for kicks, but there comes a point where it’s not worth the trouble obsessing over what fund is topping the best-buy charts.

Increasing our quarterly savings

Now to face the dreaded inflation beast. We must increase our investment contributions in line with inflation to stop the money monster munching away our wealth like sugar puffs.

We use the Office for National Statistics’ RPI inflation report to tell us how much less money is worth this year. Turns out RPI inflation is 2.2%. In 2011 we invested £750 every quarter; that’s £976 in 2020 money.

You could use CPIH as your inflation measure, but RPI is usually worse. Therefore I use RPI because that’s the fun kind of guy that I am.

All that best-practice jazz means we’ll invest £976 this quarter and throughout 2020. These are our trades, taking into account our annual rebalancing move:

UK equity

Vanguard FTSE UK All-Share Index Trust – OCF 0.06%

Fund identifier: GB00B3X7QG63

Rebalancing sale: £22.74

Sell 0.103 units @ £221.42

Target allocation: 5%

Developed world ex-UK equities

Vanguard FTSE Developed World ex-UK Equity Index Fund – OCF 0.14%

Fund identifier: GB00B59G4Q73

Rebalancing sale: £862.99

Sell 2.179 units @ £396.06

Target allocation: 37%

Global small cap equities

Vanguard Global Small-Cap Index Fund – OCF 0.29%

Fund identifier: IE00B3X1NT05

Rebalancing sale: £96.92

Sell 0.309 units @ £313.89

Target allocation: 6%

Emerging market equities

iShares Emerging Markets Equity Index Fund D – OCF 0.18%

Fund identifier: GB00B84DY642

Rebalancing sale: £466.39

Sell 267.116 units @ £1.75

Target allocation: 9%

Global property

iShares Global Property Securities Equity Index Fund D – OCF 0.17%

Fund identifier: GB00B5BFJG71

Rebalancing sale: £495.87

Sell 212.544 units @ £2.33

Target allocation: 5%

UK gilts

Vanguard UK Government Bond Index – OCF 0.12%

Fund identifier: IE00B1S75374

New purchase: £1,595.88

Buy 9.124 units @ £174.91

Target allocation: 31%

Global inflation-linked bonds

Royal London Short Duration Global Index-Linked Fund – OCF 0.27%

Fund identifier: GB00BD050F05

New purchase: £1,325.04

Buy 1261.94 units @ £1.05

Target allocation: 7%

New investment = £976

Trading cost = £0

Platform fee = 0.25% per annum.

This model portfolio is notionally held with Cavendish Online. Take a look at our online broker table for other good platform options. Look at flat-fee brokers if your ISA portfolio is worth substantially more than £25,000.

Average portfolio OCF = 0.15%

If all this seems too much like hard work then you can buy a diversified portfolio using an all-in-one fund such as Vanguard’s LifeStrategy series.

Take it steady,

The Accumulator

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