How to choose the best index trackers #3: Overlooked stuff

This post is the latest part of a checklist designed to help you choose the best index trackers for your portfolio ^[12]. By reviewing the checklist whenever you need to buy a fund, you’ll hopefully find it easier to compare all the trackers jostling for your attention.

Part one of the checklist dealt with some of the fundamental questions ^[5] you need to answer when buying a fund, while part two focused on the all-important costs ^[6] of ownership. Now we’re peering into the darker corners of the factsheet to look at some of the more overlooked stuff that can affect investing performance and the risks you’re exposed to.

^[13]

Track record

How long has the fund been around for? The longer it has been hugging its benchmark like its long-lost mother, the better.

Look for:

• Five years as a bare and unsatisfactory minimum.
• 10 years plus is more like it.
• Don’t choose a new fund with an unproven record.

Sadly, you’ll be hard-pressed to find many trackers with a longer record than five years, but that situation is improving every year.

Tax status

Choose trackers with reporting fund status ^[14] to avoid gains in off-shore funds being treated as income tax rather than capital gains tax. (There’s no need to worry about this wrinkle if all your investments are safely tucked up in ISAs or SIPPs).

Domicile

Your fund’s country of residence can lead to you paying excessive levels of withholding tax ^[15].

Withholding tax is levied by a country on the income and dividends earned by alien investors1 ^[16]. You’ll avoid the worst if:

• Your fund is based in the UK, Ireland or Luxembourg.
• It’s an accumulation fund.
• No income is paid – for example, if it’s a commodities fund.

Beware that ISAs and SIPPs offer no protection from withholding tax.

Assets under management

A large fund with lots of investors is less vulnerable to withdrawals by any single investor. Small funds are more likely to get wound up if investors flee, and the fund falls below the critical mass required by its creator.

In the case of ETFs, a larger figure can also suggest a more liquid ^[17] fund that will help keep trading costs down.

Dividends

Funds that pay dividends can automatically reinvest them into buying more units to fatten up your total holding for the future, or else pay them straight into your account as a steady flow of income.

The following terms denote a fund that automatically reinvests:

• Accumulation ^[18] (acc)
• Capitalised
• Reinvesting
• Total Return (TR)

Funds that payout the income instead:

• Income (inc)
• Distributing

Currency risk

You’re exposed to currency risk ^[19] if the base or underlying currency of the fund is not denominated in your domestic currency. In other words, a UK investor holding a fund denominated in say, euros or dollars, will discover that the value of their investment:

• Increases as the UK pound weakens
• Falls as the UK pound strengthens

Many funds report in pounds, while their base currency is euros or dollars. But the reporting currency is nothing more than a presentational convenience. It’s the base currency that counts when it comes to currency risk.

UCITS approved

Make sure your fund is UCITS approved ^[20].

UCITS is a series of guidelines that set certain regulatory standards for funds sold in the EU. It’s not a belting read but, among other things, UCITS lays down the law on niceties such as counterparty risk ^[21], conflict of interest management, and the amount of information funds are required to disclose to retail investors.

Ownership

Most fund providers owe allegiance to their shareholders rather than to their customers. The customers only own a stake of the company’s funds, after all, whereas shareholders own the business!

The result is a fundamental conflict of interest between the fund providers’ aim to maximise profits at the expense of their customers and your goal to minimise costs at the expense of their corporate profits.

Though this battle is most fiercely fought in the active fund market, passive investors can limit the risks of exploitation by clocking the ownership structure of fund providers.

In order of preference, choose funds from companies that are:

• Mutual – The company is owned directly by its fund shareholders. The interests of company and shareholders are thus aligned like spooning lovers. Only Vanguard answers this call.

• Privately owned – Conflict of interest is a real and present danger but at least the company isn’t hostage to next quarter’s corporate earnings. Fidelity and Dimensional Fund Advisors are notable private concerns.

• Publicly owned – The most common and least desirable state-of-affairs. Baying shareholders demand CEO blood if profits aren’t pumped and customers squeezed.

Back in the real world

I don’t worry if I can’t find my perfect tracker based on all the criteria included in the checklist. Taken together, the entire rundown is a belt, braces and elasticated waistband approach.

Still, it’s worth knowing which factors are in play, and which represent the best choice of index tracker for you.

A few extra wrinkles remain, but they only apply only to ETFs ^[7]. We’ll cover them in part four of the checklist. Nearly there!

Take it steady,

The Accumulator

Series Navigation

How to choose the best index trackers #2: Costs ^[6]How to choose the best index trackers #4: ETF-only features ^[7]

1. That is foreigners, not martians! [↩ ^[26]]